How to Use a Map and Compass (Land Nav Basics)

In the age of Google Maps, we have lost the ability to orient ourselves. But if the satellites fail or your battery dies, a paper map and a $20 compass are the only things getting you home. Land navigation is a perishable skill—you need to practice it.

The Tools

1. Topographic Map: A map that shows elevation using contour lines. (USGS Quadrangle maps are the standard).
2. Baseplate Compass: A clear plastic compass with a rotating bezel (e.g., Suunto MC-2 or Silva Ranger).

Step 1: Orient the Map

A map is useless if it isn't lined up with reality.

1. Dial your compass bezel to "N" (North).
2. Place the compass on the map so the edge of the baseplate aligns with the map's North-South grid lines.
3. Rotate the entire map (and yourself) until the magnetic needle ("Red Fred") is inside the orienting arrow ("The Shed").
4. Now, "Red Fred is in the Shed." The map is now oriented. What is to your left on the map is to your left in real life.

Step 2: Understanding Contour Lines

The squiggly brown lines on the map represent elevation.

• Lines close together: Steep terrain (Cliff/Hill).
• Lines far apart: Flat terrain (Valley/Plains).
• "V" shape pointing uphill: A stream or valley.
• "U" or Circle: A peak or hill.

Step 3: Taking a Bearing (Map to Field)

You see a destination on the map (e.g., a water tower) and want to walk there.

1. Place the compass on the map. Connect your current location (Point A) to the destination (Point B) with the straight edge of the baseplate.
2. Rotate the bezel (the dial) until the "N" and the grid lines inside the dial align with the map's North.
3. Lift the compass off the map. Hold it flat in front of you.
4. Turn your body until the magnetic needle lines up with the arrow ("Red Fred in the Shed").
5. Look up. The direction of travel arrow is pointing exactly where you need to go. Pick a landmark (a distinct tree) on that line and walk to it.

Declination: The Hidden Trap

True North (North Pole) and Magnetic North (where the compass points) are not the same place. The difference is called "Declination."

• Check your map's legend for the declination angle.
• If you don't adjust for this, over 10 miles, you could be off by a mile or more. (Better compasses have a screw to adjust this permanently).

Practice

Go to a local park. Pick a landmark. Try to navigate to it using only the compass. Get lost (safely) to learn how to get found.